M2 macrophage-derived exosomes promote diabetic fracture healing by acting as an immunomodulator

M2 macrophage-derived exosomes promote diabetic fracture healing by acting as an immunomodulator

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronically inflamed disease that predisposes to delayed fracture healing.Macrophages play a key role in the process of fracture healing by undergoing polarization into either M1 or M2 subtypes, which respectively exhibit pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions.Therefore, modulation of macrophage polarization to the M2 subtype is beneficial Ski de fond - Enfant - Bottes - Classic for fracture healing.Exosomes perform an important role in improving the osteoimmune microenvironment due to their extremely low immunogenicity and high bioactivity.In this study, we extracted the M2-exosomes and used them to intervene the bone repair in diabetic fractures.

The results showed that M2-exosomes significantly modulate the osteoimmune microenvironment by decreasing the proportion of M1 macrophages, Rosewater thereby accelerating diabetic fracture healing.We further confirmed that M2-exosomes induced the conversion of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages by stimulating the PI3K/AKT pathway.Our study offers a fresh perspective and a potential therapeutic approach for M2-exosomes to improve diabetic fracture healing.